Sunday, March 16, 2025
The concept of carpentry city of norwalk connecticut usa
The SoNo Collection of norwalk connecticut US.
Monday, March 3, 2025
Cranbury Park. Norwalk CT |
Norwalk CT CARPENTER | General contractor
General contractor in the city of Norwalk, 06851, 06854, 06855, 06853, 06860, connecticut United States
A contractor in ( United States builder ( is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.
In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.
Description of General contractor:
A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.
General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).
A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.
Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.
The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.
Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".
Contractors Responsibilities
A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.
It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.
A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.
The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).
United States usage
In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.
This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.
General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.
United States and Asia usage
In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.
Licensing requirements
Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:
With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.
In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.
Licensing qualifications
Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.
General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including Roofing contractor, masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.
Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.
General Contractors often run their own business.
They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers.
General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.
General contractor example
A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.
Anti-Kickback Enforcement Act of 1986
Construction bidding
Construction
Ownerbuilder
Construction management
Contract management
Lien waiver
Mechanic's lien
Subcontractors
Contractor
A contractor is a person or company that performs work on a contract basis. The term may refer to:
Business roles
Defense contractor, arms industry which provides weapons or military goods to a government
General contractor, an individual or organization responsible for the construction of a building or other facility
Government contractor, a private company which produces goods or services for the government
Independent contractor, a natural person, business or corporation which provides goods or services to another entity under terms specified in a contract
Private military company, an organization or individual that contracts to provide services of a military nature
School bus contractor, a private company or proprietorship which provides school bus service to a school district or non-public school
Subcontractor, an individual or business that signs a contract to perform part or all of the obligations of another's contract
Permatemp, a person who works for an organization for an extended period via a staffing agency
Someone engaged in contract killing
Films
The Contractor (2007 film), an action film starring Wesley Snipes
The Contractor (2013 film), a crime drama thriller film starring Danny Trejo
The Contractor (2022 film), an action film starring Chris Pine
Other uses
Contractor (1779 EIC ship), an East Indiaman launched in 1779
Contractor (surname), a list of people with the surname
Interval contractor, a mathematical operator
Firoze Contractor, a fictional character in the 2019 Indian film War..
¿What's a Contractor?
A contractor is a person or company that performs work on a contract basis. The term may refer to:
General contractor, an individual or organization responsible for the construction of a building or other facility
Someone engaged in contract killing.
Sunday, February 16, 2025
Carpenter carpentry company, city of norwalk connecticut usa.
Worshipful Company of Carpenters
The Worshipful Company of Carpenters is a livery company of the City of London. The Carpenters were traditionally different from a fellow wood-crafting company, the Worshipful Company of Joiners and Ceilers, in that carpenters utilised nails while joiners used adhesives to attach woodThe Worshipful Company of Carpenters coat of arms
Entrance to Carpenters Hall in Throgmorton Avenue
The organisation existed in 1271; it received a Royal Charter of incorporation in 1477. As is the case with most of the other livery companies, the Company no longer has a role as a trade association of tradesmen and craftsmen. Instead, it acts as a charitable institution and supports education in wood-related fields.
In 1767 the Company purchased an estate at Stratford, London. In 1886 it opened an evening institute on the Carpenters Estate there, offering classes in carpentry, joinery, plumbing, geometry, mechanical drawing and cookery. In 1891, the Carpenter's Institute had become a day school for boys. The school closed in 1905 when the local authority opened its own school.
The Company ranks twenty-sixth in the order of precedence of livery companies. The Company's motto is "Honour God". Its guild church is All Hallows-on-the-Wall, where the Company has held its annual elections for over 600 years. The livery hall, Carpenters Hall, is at Throgmorton Avenue; it is a Grade II listed building.
Founded in 1724, the Carpenters' Company of the City and County of Philadelphia was modelled after the Worshipful Company of Carpenters.
Saturday, February 15, 2025
Lockwood–Mathews Mansion
The Lockwood–Mathews Mansion is a Second Empire style country house in Norwalk, Connecticut. Now a museum, it was built in 1864-68 for railroad and banking magnate LeGrand Lockwood. The 62-room 44,000 square feet (4,100 m2) mansion was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1978.
Lockwood–Mathews Mansion
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
South side of the mansion
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Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
Interactive map showing the location of Lockwood-Mathews Mansion
Location
295 West Avenue,
Norwalk, Connecticut
Coordinates
41°6′31.68″N 73°25′1.56″W
Built
1864
Architect
Detlef Lienau
Architectural style
Second Empire
NRHP reference No.
70000836
Significant dates
Added to NRHP
December 30, 1970
Designated NHL
December 30, 1970
It has been described as "one of the earliest and finest surviving Second Empire style country houses ever built in the United States." It sits at 295 West Ave., in Mathews Park, where the Stepping Stones Museum for Children is also located.
History
As private home
Railroad and banking magnate LeGrand Lockwood
The home was built on an estate, then called "Elm Park," for LeGrand Lockwood, who made his fortune in banking and the railroad industry. Construction began in 1864 just west of the Norwalk River in Norwalk and was completed four years later. Designed by European-trained, New York-based architect Detlef Lienau, the 44,000 square feet (4,100 m2) mansion features 26,402 square feet (2,452.8 m2) of living space and "is considered his most significant surviving work," according to the association. Both American and immigrant artisans worked to construct and decorate the house.
Prominent New York decorating firms, including Herter Brothers and Leon Marcotte were contracted to furnish the mansion's interiors.
Financial reversals in 1869 and Lockwood's death in 1872 resulted in loss of the estate through foreclosure in 1874 by Lockwood's heirs.
Charles D. Mathews, described in his New York Times obituary as "a very wealthy retired New-York provision dealer", and his wife, Rebecca Thompson Mathews, bought the property in 1876. The mansion was a residence and suburban retreat for the Mathews family, with their Thompson and Martin relatives, until the death of Charles's daughter Florence in 1938.
As museum
West side of the home seen from the south, showing porte-cochere and greenhouse
Built in 1864–68, the home is an early example of the style used by wealthy New York City elites such as the Vanderbilts in building their Gilded Age mansions later in the 19th century, and set a new standard for opulence.
In 1941 the estate was sold to the City of Norwalk, which designated it a public park. The city had planned in 1959 "to build a city hall in the park and tear down the mansion to make way for it." Considerable controversy and claims of bad faith ensued, leaving the building threatened with demolition. Local preservationists formed Lockwood–Mathews Mansion Museum, Inc. to run the site.
The Junior League of Stamford-Norwalk eventually led a late 1960s restoration, supported by the National Trust for Historic Preservation, the American Institute of Architects, the National Park Service, and the Connecticut Historical Commission.
The home was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1971.
According to the museum organization's Web site, the museum's mission "is to conserve the building while creating educational programs on the material, artistic and social culture of the Victorian era," .
A master plan for a more comprehensive restoration of the mansion was expected to be completed in 2007.
Plans for renovation work at the museum include adding an elevator, and systems for heating, air conditioning, and sprinklers. Renovation costs are likely to total about $6 million, museum officials said in May 2007, before the master plan was complete.
In a decades-long Christmastime tradition, interior decorators deck out about a dozen rooms in the mansion with holiday decorations. An annual "community celebration" is held in December with Christmas music, refreshments and a Santa Claus. In 2007, 10 interior decorators volunteered their services and materials for the event.
The museum has hosted an annual antique show since 1978. In 2006 the show was held the last weekend in October and attracted dealers from Ohio and Pennsylvania as well as Connecticut.
In the 2000s, statues and furniture that had originally been in the mansion were bought and placed back in it. Two marble statues, sculpted in 1859 by Joseph Mozier, an American artist, and bought by Lockwood, were purchased for $185,000. A $165,000 sofa original to the home was also acquired and brought back to it.
The home was used as a filming location for the 2004 remake of The Stepford Wives. Paramount Pictures paid the museum $400,000 to paint its central rotunda. The studio also left behind some large paintings (in essence, theatrical pastiches), which serve to emphasize the dramatic size of the rotunda. As a result, the walls look fresh and decorated, and will remain protected until further funds become available for proper, curatorial restoration of the original damaged surfaces.
The mansion was also featured in the movie House of Dark Shadows.
Thursday, February 13, 2025
Woodpro steel carpenter carpentry services norwalk ct us.
Haviland and Elizabeth Streets–Hanford Place Historic District
The Haviland and Elizabeth Streets–Hanford Place Historic District is an irregularly shaped 4.3-acre (1.7 ha) historic district in Norwalk, Connecticut that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.
It encompasses a neighborhood that developed in the late 19th century following the introduction of railroad service to South Norwalk.
Haviland and Elizabeth Streets–Hanford Place Historic District
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. Historic district
Houses on Hanford Place
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Location
Roughly bounded by Haviland, Day Sts., Hanford Pl., and S. Main St., Norwalk, Connecticut
Coordinates
41°5′49″N 73°25′7″W
Area
4.3 acres (1.7 ha)
Architectural style
Second Empire, Italianate, Queen Anne
NRHP reference No.
88000664
Added to NRHP
May 26, 1988
Description and history
The district lies within a primarily commercial area of the South Norwalk neighborhood.: 1 It includes 36 contributing buildings and 2 non-contributing ones.
The district is significant as a cohesive grouping of late 19th and early 20th century residential architecture. Eight houses are Queen Anne style, which involves irregular massing and use of turned or sawn woodwork in porches and elsewhere. Others display Colonial Revival elements, including Tuscan columns on some. Some are Italianate or display aspects of that style. Second Empire style is also represented.: 3
Prior to the arrival of the railroad station and depot in South Norwalk in 1870, the area was economically focused on the waterfront, with oyster fishing its primary industry. The railroad spurred the introduction of factories and industrial production, resulting in the related growth of residential housing and a thriving commercial district. This historic district encompasses a cross section of residential architecture from this period of growth.
Listed buildings
The buildings included in the district are:
3 Elizabeth Street, Colonial Revival vernacular, c. 1900 (see accompanying photo #6)
5 Elizabeth Street, Queen Anne, c. 1900 (see accompanying photo #6)
7 Elizabeth Street, Queen Anne, c. 1900 (see accompanying photo #6)
8 Elizabeth Street, Italianate, c. 1875, with Colonial Revival entrance porch
9 Elizabeth Street, c. 1870 (see accompanying photo #6)
rear of 9 Elizabeth Street, c. 1920 (see accompanying photo #7)
9 Elizabeth Street, 3 bay fieldstone garage (see accompanying photo #15): 6, 18
10 Elizabeth Street, Italianate vernacular, c. 1875 with Queen Anne style porch
11 Elizabeth Street, Italianate, c. 1880
12 Elizabeth Street
13 Elizabeth Street
14 Elizabeth Street
15 Elizabeth Street
17 Elizabeth Street, Italianate, c.1885: 9
2 Hanford Place, Queen Anne, c. 1880 (see photos #13 and #19): 9
3 Hanford Place
4 Hanford Place
5 Hanford Place
6 Hanford Place
7 Hanford Place
8 Hanford Place
9 Hanford Place
10 Hanford Place, Queen Anne, c.1890
11 Hanford Place, Queen Anne, c.1880, includes a barn or carriagehouse (see photo #15): 6, 18
12 Hanford Place
8 Haviland Street
10 Haviland Street, non-contributing
12 Haviland Street
16 Haviland Street
18 Haviland Street (see photo #4): 18
20 Haviland Street (see photo #4): 18
22 Haviland Street (see photo #5): 18
24 Haviland Street
26 Haviland Street
72 South Main Street (see accompanying photos #3 and #20): 6, 20
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Home construction
Home construction or residential construction is the process of constructing a house, apartment building, or similar residential building generally referred to as a 'home' when giving consideration to the people who might now or someday reside there. Beginning with simple pre-historic shelters, home construction techniques have evolved to produce the vast multitude of living accommodations available today. Different levels of wealth and power have warranted various sizes, luxuries, and even defenses in a "home". Environmental considerations and cultural influences have created an immensely diverse collection of architectural styles, creating a wide array of possible structures for homes.
New home construction, Pittsfield Township, Michigan
Units under construction in Brighton, Victoria.
The cost of housing and access to it is often controlled by the modern realty trade, which frequently has a certain level of market force speculation. The level of economic activity in the home-construction section is reported as housing starts, though this is contrarily denominated in terms of distinct habitation units, rather than distinct construction efforts. 'Housing' is also the chosen term in the related concepts of housing tenure, affordable housing, and housing unit (aka dwelling). Four of the primary trades involved in home construction are carpenters, masons, electricians and plumbers, but there are many others as well.
Global access to homes is not consistent around the world, with many economies not providing adequate support for the right to housing. Sustainable Development Goal 11 includes a goal to create "Adequate, safe, and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums". Based on current and expected global population growth, UN habitat projects needing 96,000 new dwelling units built each day to meet global demands.
An important part of housing construction to meet this global demand, is upgrading and retrofitting existing buildings to provide adequate housing.
History of homes construction.
While homes may have originated in pre-history, there are many notable stages through which cultures pass to reach the current level of modernization. Countries and communities throughout the world currently exhibit very diverse concepts of housing, at many different stages of home development
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Tuesday, February 11, 2025
Education in Norwalk, Connecticut
There are an assortment of public, private, and parochial schools in Norwalk, Connecticut.
Post-secondary education
There are four post-secondary schools within the city of Norwalk:
Norwalk Community College is in West Norwalk
Gibbs College, Norwalk campus (Closed)
University of Phoenix Fairfield County campus is at 535 Connecticut Ave. Suite 400.
Post University opened a "regional center" in Norwalk in the Fall of 2008.
There are also other post-secondary schools in nearby towns.
The Norwalk Hospital runs an internship program associated with the Yale School of Medicine and a nursing program associated with Norwalk Community College.
Norwalk Public Schools
Main article: Norwalk Public Schools
Norwalk Public Schools is the school district serving Norwalk, Connecticut.
It operates the following high schools:
Norwalk High School is the home of the Norwalk Bears. The school was founded in 1902.
Brien McMahon High School, named for Senator Brien McMahon, first chairman of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, was founded in 1960. Brien McMahon High School is also home to the Center for Global Studies.
Briggs High School is an alternative school.
Charter school
The Side by Side Community School is a charter school that is located in South Norwalk and serves grades pre-K through 8th. It was started in 1997, soon after Connecticut's charter school law went into effect, by a group of public educators. This regional school serves students from Norwalk as well as from surrounding towns.
Parochial
The All Saints Catholic School, serves grades pre-K through 8th. It is operated by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Bridgeport which consolidated three previous Norwalk elementary schools (St. Thomas, St. Philips, and St. Mary's) and closed the former Central Catholic High School to open the All Saints in the former Central Catholic High building on West Rocks Road.
The Congregation Beth El on East Avenue runs the Nitzan preschool as well as the Navasky Hebrew school for part-time religious instruction of children who are enrolled full-time in other elementary schools.
Connecticut Friends School, established as a K–8 school in 1998, purchased the White Barn Theatre in the Cranbury neighborhood in northeast Norwalk in 2008. The Quaker school planned to build a new solar-powered 24,000 square feet (2,200 m2) campus on the property with occupancy expected by the fall of 2009 for grades K-8.
The expansion plans were abandoned in 2015, when "the Board of Directors was forced by declining enrollment to limit the size of the school to the preschool, ages 2-5".
Private
Since September 2004 the Montessori Middle School for grades 5-8 has been in Norwalk and is currently at 24 Lois Street (off of Westport Avenue). It is associated with The Montessori School for elementary grades in nearby Wilton.
Since September 2007 the Winston Preparatory School of New York City has operated a branch campus along West Rocks Road in Norwalk. The school specializes in students with learning differences in grades 4 through 12…
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Monday, February 10, 2025
Section of Painting and Sculpture
The Treasury Section of Painting and Sculpture was a New Deal art project established on October 16, 1934, and administered by the Procurement Division of the United States Department of the Treasury.
American federal building art projects
Agency overview
Formed
1934
Dissolved
1943
Parent agency
United States Department of the Treasury
Child agency
Treasury Relief Art Project
Commonly known as the Section, it was renamed the Section of Fine Arts in 1939. Its primary mission was the embellishment of public buildings — including many United States post offices — through site-specific murals and sculptures commissioned on a competitive basis. The program all but ceased to operate in 1942, and was officially terminated on July 15, 1943.
Overview
Like the Works Progress Administration (WPA), the Section was part of a government project aimed at providing work for Americans throughout the Great Depression during the 1930s. The Section's main function was to select high-quality art to decorate public buildings in the form of murals, making art accessible to all people. Because post offices were usually visited by everyone, they were the places selected to display these projects. Commissioned artists were provided with the guidelines and themes for each project, and scenes of local interest and events were generally represented. The muralist movement was inspired by the Mexican muralists, but Section murals did not portray the harsh social or economic realities of the time. Rather, they celebrated historical events and courageous acts. Many of these murals have disappeared, or fallen into disrepair, and others have been restored thanks to renewed interest in their historical and artistic significance.
Painters of these murals include Ralf Henricksen, Henrietta Shore, and Suzanne Scheuer.
In existence during the Great Depression in the United States, the Section of Painting and Sculpture was a public-art program administered by the Procurement Division of the Treasury Department as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. Like other New Deal public-art programs, the Section (as it was commonly called) was designed to increase employment among artists, but it was unusual in awarding commissions competitively, based on artistic talent. In total, the Section commissioned more than 1,300 murals and 300 sculptures, many of which were placed in post offices throughout the United States.
Creation
The Section was created in 1934 and led by Edward Bruce. Bruce had also led the Treasury Department's Public Works of Art Project, the first federal art program, created in 1933 after American painter George Biddle suggested the idea to President Roosevelt. Other federal art programs followed, including the Federal Art Project (created in 1935 by the WPA, an independently operating federal agency) and the Treasury Relief Art Project (created in 1935 with funds granted by the WPA to the Treasury Department).
The Section of Painting and Sculpture was renamed as the Section of Fine Arts in 1939 and operated until 1942.
The Section’s primary objective was to "secure suitable art of the best quality available for the embellishment of public buildings." Artworks created under the Section of Fine Arts were site-specific murals and sculptures for newly constructed federal buildings and post offices. About 1% of the costs of each new federal building was set aside to fund the program.
Despite being categorized as “work-relief,” Section of Fine Arts commissions were chosen by anonymous competition and awarded government contracts “as in any other government job.” Between 1934 and 1938, the Section awarded 375 contracts worth $537,000.
Art
List of New Deal murals
Unlike the other New Deal art programs, the Section awarded commissions through competitions and paid artists a lump sum for their work. Competitions were open to all artists, regardless of economic status, and artists' proposals were reviewed without identifying the name of the artist who had made the submission.
The Section sought entries that reflected local interests and events, and the Section encouraged the artists to think of the communities, not the Section, as the artists' "patron." Indeed, artists awarded commissions were encouraged to visit the community to ensure that their murals reflected the community. Although many of the artists did not make such visits, artists commonly corresponded with the town (as well as the Post Office Department and the Section). Some local communities rejected the approved designs, and the artists would work to respond to these concerns and save their commissions.
The program also encouraged artists to reflect the building’s function. For example, the now-William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building, constructed in the early 1930s as the headquarters for the U.S. Post Office Department and one of the first buildings to receive works of art under this program, contains 25 murals created with support from the Section intended to depict the history of mail delivery and the settlement of the American West. These murals have been the subject of complaints about stereotypes of women, Native Americans, African Americans, and rural Americans, which were addressed by the General Services Administration.
Country Post (1938), mural by Doris Lee for the Clinton Federal Building
Edward Bruce (left) and Nellie Tayloe Ross of the United States Mint inspect candidates for the design of the new Jefferson nickel, a competition conducted by the Section (1938)
Messengers (1938), terracotta relief by Humbert Albrizio for the United States Post Office (Hamilton, New York)
One of 13 murals in fresco in the series Resources of America (1939) by Ben Shahn and Bernarda Bryson Shahn for the Bronx General Post Office
The Family, Industry and Agriculture (1939) by Harry Sternberg, in the old Ambler, Pennsylvania U.S. Post Office
The Story of Venice (1941), mural by Edward Biberman for the U.S. Post Office in Venice, Los Angeles, California
The Bauxite Mines (1942), mural by Julius Woeltz for the U.S. Post Office in Benton, Arkansas
Airmail (1937), fresco by Edwin Boyd Johnson for the U.S. Post office in Melrose Park, Illinois
Final years
In 1939, under the Reorganization Act, all Treasury Department and WPA arts programs were incorporated into the Federal Works Agency, but the outbreak of World War II and other factors were soon to end the programs. Edward Bruce died of a heart attack in January 1943. By the end of 1943, all of the New Deal art programs had been shut down.
Sunday, February 9, 2025
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The absence of metal tools placed limitations on the materials that could be worked, but it was still possible to build quite elaborate stone structures with ingenuity using dry stone walling techniques such as those found at Skara Brae in Scotland, Europe's most complete Neolithic village. Another example of a settlement built in the neolithic is the Göbekli Tepe. It is made with T-shaped limestone pillars carved out using flint points and other rock-cut architecture methodsThe corbelled roof of Newgrange (c. 3,200 BC) shows that corbel arches were used since the neolithic age.
One of the largest structures of this period was the Neolithic long house. It was a long, narrow timber dwelling built by the first farmers in Europe at least as early as 5000 to 6000 BC. Like all timber-framed and log structures (stilt houses) in early cultures, only the very lowest parts of the walls and post holes are unearthed in archaeological excavations; making reconstruction of the upper parts of these buildings largely conjectural.
The most remarkable Neolithic structure in Western Europe is the iconic megalith known as Stonehenge, regarded by some archaeologists as displaying methods of timber construction such as at woodhenge translated into stone, a process known as petrification. The now ruinous remains are of post and lintel construction and include massive sandstone lintels which were located on supporting uprights by means of mortise and tenon joints; the lintels themselves being end-jointed by the use of tongue and groove joints. There is also evidence of prefabrication of the stonework; the symmetrical geometric arrays of stone clearly indicate that the builders of Stonehenge had mastered sophisticated surveying methods.
Carpenter building technique
Pre-historic men made tools out of bone, ivory, antler, hide, stone, wood, grass, metals (gold, copper and silver) and animal fibers. Various tools for cutting (hand axe, chopper, adze and celt), scrape or chop (flake tool), and tools to pound, pierce, roll, pull and lever were made and used. As building materials, they used bones such as mammoth ribs, hide, stone, metal, bark, bamboo, and animal dung.
Pre-historic men also used bricks and lime plaster as building materials. For example, mud bricks and clay mortar dated to 9000 BC were found in Jericho. These mudbricks were formed with the hands rather than wooden moulds and herringbone pattern were made by the brick-maker's thumbs.
Building Techniques
Prehistoric Era
Stone Age
Humans during the Paleolithic era were hunter-gatherers. Their nomadic lifestyle led to temporary and short-lived buildings leading to a lack of surviving evidences of construction. However, it is believed that the earliest evidence of construction in the world is the 1.8 million year-old stone circle found at Olduvai Gorge representing the remains of a windbreak
By the mesolithic era, humans started to develop agriculture.[4] Hunter-gatherers built temporary shelter for hunters who would ambush their prey. Currently, the first evidence of man-made shelter dates back to 400,000 B.C. in Terra Amata, France which served as housing for hunters.
Neolithic Era
Further information: Neolithic architecture and Neolithic
By the Neolithic era, also known as the New Stone Age, humans developed agriculture and started to cultivate plants and domesticate animals. This change from the nomadic lifstyle meant that humans started building walls and forming cities. In addition to living in caves and using rock shelters, the first buildings were simple tents, like the Inuit's tupiq, and huts. Huts were built as protection from the elements like pit-houses, and as fortifications for safety like crannog.
Their shelters were built self-sufficiently by their inhabitants rather than by specialist builders, using locally available materials and traditional designs and methods. Because of this, what little can be said about very early construction is mostly conjecture and based on vernacular architecture or what is known about the way nomadic hunter-gatherers and herdsmen in remote areas build shelters today. For example, the first bridges made by humans were probably simple wooden logs placed across a stream and later on evolved into timber trackways.
The history of construction traces the changes in building tools, methods, techniques and systems used in the field of construction. It explains the evolution of how humans created shelter and other structures that comprises the entire built environment. It covers several fields including structural engineering, civil engineering, city growth and population growth, which are relatives to branches of technology, science, history, and architecture. The fields allow both modern and ancient construction to be analyzed, as well as the structures, building materials, and tools used.
Construction is an ancient human activity that began at around 4000 BC as a response to the human need for shelter.
It has evolved and undergone different trends over time, marked by a few key principles: durability of the materials used, increase in building height and span, the degree of control exercised over the interior environment, and finally, the energy available for the construction process.
Wooden structures carpentry of norwalk connecticut us.
Other wooden structures
Other wooden structures do not necessarily have names for types of carpentry, but deserve mention. Carpenters were needed to build a variety of durable or temporary wooden structures such as a falsework and many other non-building structures.
Timber wood pro carpenter and finishes carpentry of city of norwalk connecticut usa
A timber bridge or wooden bridge is a bridge that uses timber or wood as its principal structural material. One of the first forms of bridge, those of timber have been used since ancient times. Wooden bridges could be a deck-only structure or a deck with a roof. Wooden bridges were often a single span, but could be of multiple spans. A trestle bridge is a bridge composed of a number of short spans. Each supporting frame is a bent. Timber and iron trestles (i.e. bridges) were extensively used in the 19th century. A covered bridge is a timber-truss bridge with a roof, decking, and siding, which creates a nearly complete enclosure.The purpose of the covering is to protect the wooden structural members from the weather. Uncovered wooden bridges typically have a lifespan of only 20 years because of the effects of rain and sun, but a covered bridge could last 100 years.
American history of carpentry city of norwalk ct
American historic carpentry is the historic methods with which wooden buildings were built in what is now the United States since European settlement. A number of methods were used to form the wooden walls and the types of structural carpentry are often defined by the wall, floor, and roof construction such as log, timber framed, balloon framed, or stacked plank. Some types of historic houses are called plank houses but plank house has several meanings which are discussed below. Roofs were almost always framed with wood, sometimes with timber roof trusses. Stone and brick buildings also have some wood framing for floors, interior walls and roofs.
South Norwalk, Connecticut.
South Norwalk is a neighborhood in Norwalk, Connecticut which corresponds to the city's Second Taxing District.
Often referred to as SoNo, the norwalk neighborhood was originally settled as Old Well, then chartered as the city of South Norwalk on August 18, 1870. The cities of Norwalk and South Norwalk were incorporated on June 6, 1913. South Norwalk underwent major redevelopment during the early 21st century, with many new apartments being constructed, often in close proximity to South Norwalk station and generally more expensive than existing housing.
South Norwalk Taxing District SoNo mall SoNo city
South Norwalk is located in Connecticut South Norwalk South Norwalk
Connecticut
United States.
The city of South Norwalk Coordinates: 41.11°N 73.42°W
Country
United States
State
Connecticut
County
Fairfield
City
Norwalk
Founded
August 18, 1870
Incorporated with Norwalk
June 6, 1913
ZIP code
06854
Area code(s)
Area codes 203 and 475
South Norwalk is a diverse neighborhood both from a socioeconomic and racial perspective.
The neighborhood hosts the annual SoNo Arts Festival, an event that showcases local artists, businesses, and musical acts.
The annual Norwalk Oyster Festival, sponsored by the Norwalk Seaport Association, is held at Veteran's Memorial Park, across the Norwalk Harbor in East Norwalk. Ct.
History of city of norwalk ct.
South Norwalk and Norwalk, CT
Old Well.
The area of present-day South Norwalk developed out of a local well referred to as the "Old Well", where sailing ships would refill their water casks.[8] Said well was in service since at least 1738, when a deed referred to nearby Washington Street as "the highway that leads to ye landing place called Ye Old Well".
The well's location was depicted as east of Water Street, and about 75 feet South of Washington Street in a 1867 map by American cartographer Frederick W. Beers, although the exact location is unknown, though presumed to be near the site of Donovan’s Tavern, since sailors are said to have frequented the tavern.
The area evolved into a settlement named Old Well. after the well, and was involved in coastal trade, manufacturing, and shipbuilding, as well as having many farms with diversified crops.[8]
“Old Well was scarcely a village in those days, but rather a group of farms, and the well which gave the place its name was on Water street, near the corner of Haviland street, on the property of Eliakim Raymond, a patriarch of several Norwalk lines. His house stood at the corner of Washington and Water streets before the Revolution and was burned with rest of the town."[10]
City of South Norwalk
edit
"Norwalk was made a borough in 1836, and the village of Old Well, named from an ancient well where vessels were supplied with water, was incorporated into a city in 1868, and named South Norwalk two years afterward."[11] "South Norwalk, formerly called "Old Well" was organized a city August 18, 1870, under a charter granted by the Legislature of Connecticut, July 5 of the same year".[10] In 1873, the City of South Norwalk was incorporated within the Town of Norwalk, although it maintained its city status and retained control over its own assets.[2][12] "The 1870 charter was revised by the Legislature April 19, 1882, and the city continued its existence under this revised charter until May 27, 1897, when the Legislature approved a revised and amended charter, under which the city has since continued and worked.
Around this time, Norwalk had refused to share its water system with South Norwalk, contributing to a sense of ill will between the two cities, which would compete for economic development throughout subsequent decades.
"In the 1800s, industrialization started to take place--large factories manufacturing goods such as firearms, buttons, shoes, cloth and hats were increasing in Connecticut and in Norwalk. Workers came up from Chesapeake, Maryland, to work as oystermen. Wealthy owners and managers of businesses lived on Golden Hill overlooking South Norwalk. Immigrants came into Norwalk from many places. One of the largest [group] to come here in the early 1900s was the Hungarians; there were also many Eastern European Jews and Italians, among others."
Horse-drawn trolleys began serving South Norwalk in the 1860s, until being upgraded to electric trolleys in 1894.
Industrialization in South Norwalk resulted in the city becoming a center for local industry, hosting its own railroad station, the Norwalk Harbor, an electric trolley system, its own water company, electric company, and well-developed school system.
Consolidation into Norwalk ct.
Despite the industrialization of South Norwalk, various economic forces pressured the city South Norwalk to merge into Norwalk, as both cities were often too small independent of one another to host large industries.[
South Norwalk was hesitant to consolidate into Norwalk, due to South Norwalk's industry surpassing that of Norwalk.
South Norwalk, alongside East Norwalk, even tried to leave the Town of Norwalk altogether in 1902, with South Norwalk's mayor Mortimer M. Lee touting that South Norwalk had "a large water system, a splendid electric light plant, a separate sewer system, a public library and a library building and schools second to none".
In 1903 the Connecticut State Legislature passed a bill to create an independent Town of South Norwalk, but it was vetoed by then-governor Abiram Chamberlain.
As a compromise, Norwalk allowed for South Norwalk, East Norwalk, and Rowayton to join Norwalk as taxing districts, allowing them to largely maintain their own municipal services while within Norwalk.
Within Norwalk
A street scene along a portion of Washington Street, part of the South Main and Washington Streets Historic District created in 1977
Further information: History of Norwalk, Connecticut
In 1935, South Norwalk's trolley system was discontinued, and replaced by a bus service.
South Norwalk began suffering from a period of deindustrialization in the 1950s, as many industries, including Norwalk's sizable hat industry, either went into decline or relocated out of New England. This industrial decay led to the enactment of various urban renewal projects beginning in the 1960s, namely, the demolition of older buildings and factories along western Washington Street to build new offices, a shopping center, and low-cost housing.
The Norwalk Redevelopment Agency planned to continue this effort in the 1970s, with plans to replace the older buildings along eastern Washington Street, but were thwarted by local residents, who successfully got the buildings added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.
In 1988, the Maritime Aquarium was opened in a disused factory building.
During the 21st century, South Norwalk has seen a period of redevelopment centered around the construction of new apartments, many of which are located near South Norwalk station.
Norwalk ct Geography.
Administratively, the Norwalk Second Taxing District, synonymous with South Norwalk, is bordered by Route 1 (locally signed as Connecticut Avenue) to the north, and the Norwalk Harbor and the Norwalk River to the east.
The neighborhood's southern border runs from Windsor Place to Neptune Avenue, up against the Norwalk River, and the neighborhood's western border runs from Windsor Place up to Connecticut Avenue.
Norwalk ct Demographics.
All of South Norwalk is represented by the 06854 ZIP Code, which also includes some areas to its south and west.
As of 2020, the ZIP Code has an average family income of $74,597, slightly below the Connecticut average of $79,855; the poverty rate is 14.5%, higher than the Connecticut total of 9.8%; 34.2% of the population has a Bachelor's degree or higher, below the state total of 40.0%; the ZIP code has an employment rate 65.4%, higher than the Connecticut total of 61.7%; 22.0% of the population lacks health care coverage, significantly higher than the state total of 5.1%; 22.5% of the population is under 18 years old, slightly higher than the state total of 20.6%; the average household size is 3.25, slightly higher than the state total of 3.08.
The SoNo Collection
Main article: The SoNo Collection
The SoNo Collection is a 700,000 square foot mall located next to Interstate 95 and Route 7 that was opened in October 2019. It was built by Brookfield Properties and is the fourth mall in the Fairfield County. It features southern Connecticut’s only Nordstrom and Bloomingdales’s.
National Register of Historic Places
Emergency services
The Norwalk Police Department is located at 1 Monroe St. near the heart of SoNo. The Norwalk Fire Department currently operates two Fire Stations in or near South Norwalk:
Station Two- Headquarters, 121 Connecticut Ave
Station Five, 23 Meadow St.
Present Day
Corner of Marshall and North Water Streets
Corner of Marshall and North Water Streets
Maritime Condo Building
Maritime Condo Building
Mural outside Donovan's Restaurant
Mural outside Donovan's Restaurant
South Norwalk Train Station
South Norwalk Train Station
Switch Tower Museum
Switch Tower Museum
SONO 50, located in South Norwalk, is the tallest building in the city
SONO 50, located in South Norwalk, is the tallest building in the city
Historical
South Main Street 1919
South Main Street 1919
South Main Street 1887
South Main Street 1887
Elmwood Avenue 1912
Elmwood Avenue 1912
Railroad Place 1909
Railroad Place 1909
First United Methodist Church, West Avenue, 1922
First United Methodist Church, West Avenue, 1922
Norwalk River Bridge c. 1914
Norwalk River Bridge c. 1914
Fairfield County, Connecticut. The city of norwalk is
County in the state of Connecticut, United States.
Norwalk, Connecticut,. Norwalk is
City in Connecticut, United States.
Central Norwalk
Neighborhood in Fairfield, Connecticut, United States..
?Quien es dueño de norwalk, CT ?
Se dice que un tal Roger Ludlow no se como compró las áreas al este del río Norwalk, CT al jefe de una tribu llamada Mahackemo de los indios Norwaake (o Naramauke) eso fuè en los años del 1640. ..
?Cuando se estableció Norwalk ct como una ciudad?
Norwalk o sono se estableció en los año 1649, se incorporó com town en mes de septiembre del 1651 y tambiem le bautiò con su nombre wue viene de la de la palabra algonquina noyank , que significa "punta de tierra", o más probablemente del nombre nativo americano "Naramauke" NORWALK. CT..
La Batalla de Norwalk tuvo lugar durante la Guerra de la Independencia, y condujo a la quema de la mayor parte de la ciudad. En 1836, se creó el distrito de Norwalk, que cubría el área central de la ciudad. En 1853, el primer desastre ferroviario en los Estados Unidos ocurrió sobre el río Norwalk . Durante el siglo XIX y principios del XX, Norwalk fue una importante parada ferroviaria para el Ferrocarril de Nueva York, New Haven y Hartford . La ciudad de South Norwalk y las partes restantes de la ciudad de Norwalk se combinaron en 1910 para formar la ciudad actual.
El Ku Klux Klan tuvo una breve presencia en Norwalk durante la década de 1920, pero rápidamente se desintegró debido a problemas internos. En 1955, varios huracanes azotaron la ciudad, causando inundaciones en el puerto de Norwalk . Durante la década de 1970, se realizaron esfuerzos para preservar históricamente South Norwalk, lo que resultó en la creación del Distrito Histórico de Washington Street .
Renovation
Renovation
Renovation (disambiguation).
"Remodeling" Remodeling (disambiguation).
"Renovators" The Renovators.
Renovation (also called remodeling) is the process of improving broken, damaged, or outdated structures. Renovations are typically done on either commercial or residential buildings. Additionally, renovation can refer to making something new, or bringing something back to life and can apply in social contexts. For example, a community can be renovated if it is strengthened and revived. It can also be restoring something to a former better state (as by cleaning, repairing, or rebuilding). Renovation is very common in some places. For example, there are more than twenty thousand home improvement projects every year in Hong Kong, affecting more than a million residents (population of HK is around 7.5 million in 2023).
Truman's renovation of the White House, 17 May 1950
Phases and process of renovations
The interior of a Victorian building in Lincoln Park, Chicago in the process of being renovated in June 1971. Note the elements of the edifice scattered and sorted about.
The building renovation process can usually, depending on the extents of the renovation, be broken down into several phases. The phases are as follow.
Project initiation - The beginning of the project that includes the hiring of construction and design teams, defining the scope of the work, creating a budget, and communicating the needs, expectations, and wants from both the client and building team
Existing conditions analysis - This includes measuring, drawing, and analyzing the structure to be renovated, and identifying any major issues with the project that could effect work to be done
Initial design - Beginning the design work by testing out concept ideas, designing multiple iterations of outcomes, communicating with the client, and receiving client feedback on the design to make changes
Finalizing design - Finalizing the design work by making sure the design is what the client wants, making sure the design works with existing conditions, creating a more detailed design (including specs and engineering), also could include the beginning of construction or demolition work while the design is being finalized
Construction and demolition - Starting the physical work by completing demolition needed, structural repairs needed, building new designed conditions, applying finishes, and trouble shooting any problems or unknown conditions that are brought to light during constructions
Project finalization - The end of the project which includes turnover to the client, punch listing, walking through with the client, and verifying that project scope and expectations were met
Projects involving renovation require not just flexibility, but a plan that had been agreed upon by multiple parties. The planning process will involve feedback from financial investors of the project, and from the designer. Part of planning will also entail the collection of data for the completion of the project and then the project plan will be revised and given consent before continuing with renovations.
Technology has had a meaningful effect on the renovation process, increasing the significance and strength of the planning stage. The availability of free online design tools has improved visualization of the changes, at a fraction of the cost of hiring a professional designer. The decision regarding changes is also influenced by the purpose of basement renovation . Depending on the significance of these changes a professional may be required, especially if any changes other than cosmetic work (paint or finishes) is required. Many local codes require a professional to complete work in the built environment such as structural changes, new walls, new plumbing, or many others. Doing these changes without hiring a professional can result in health effects, safety concerns, damages, fines, and increased cost due to having to hire a professional after self-work. Most builders focus on building new homes, so renovating is typically a part-time activity for such tradespeople. The processes and services required for renovations are quite specific and, once plans are signed off, building a new home is relatively predictable. However, during renovation projects, flexibility is often required from renovation companies to respond to unexpected issues that arise. Renovations usually require all of the sub-trades that are needed for the construction of a new building.
In case of a so-called "fix-and-flip" (repair and resell) objective, an ROI (return on investment) can result from changes to fix a structural issue, to fix design flow yield, or to use light and color to make rooms appear more spacious. Because interior renovation could change of the internal structure of the house, ceiling construction, circuit configuration and partition walls, etc., such work related to the structure of the house, of course, also includes renovation of wallpaper posting, furniture settings, lighting, etc often times an interior designer is required as well.
Reasons to renovate
Homes
Home repair
Many cities and towns have been renovated because of the devastations, such as Rovaniemi in Lapland, Finland. Video about the post-war era reconstruction of Rovaniemi in 1949.
Many people renovate homes to create a new appearance. Builders may renovate homes to enhance the home's value as a stable source of income. Homeowners often renovate their homes to increase the re-sale value and to turn a profit when selling. Homeowners may also want to add renovations that make their home more energy efficient, green or sustainable. Also, over time, a homeowner’s personal preferences and needs may change, and the home will be renovated for improved aesthetics, comfort, or functionality.
Other properties
Other types of renovations also can be initiated for similar reasons. The user or owner of a building can change which can effect the needs or wants for the space prompting a renovation. This is becoming more popular as buildings owners are renting or leasing floors or sections of the buildings to companies which have different spacial requirements than the previous users causing needed renovation. Renovations can also occur as companies increase size which could lead to needed additional retail, office, or other types of spaces. Similarly to homes other building owners could also want renovations to increased value, make the building more energy efficient, green or sustainable, or to update the building.1qSometimes shopping centres or shops are renovated to raise rent later.
Materials
Wood
Wood is versatile and flexible, making it the easiest construction material for renovations, and wood buildings can be redesigned to suit changing needs. Few homeowners or professional remodelers possess the skill and equipment that is required to alter steel-frame or concrete structures.
When looking at embodied carbon in building materials wood is often labeled as the most sustainable. This is because it sequesters carbon which if certified sustainably sourced will significantly reduce embodied carbon of buildings. This makes it a low emitting choice for a building material for an overall building and for renovations.
Forest certification verifies that wood products have been sourced from well-managed forests. Most certification programs provide online search options so that consumers can find certified products—the Certification Canada program includes a search option for all of the certification programs that are in use in Canada.
In North America, most structures are demolished because of external forces such as zoning changes and rising land values. Additionally, buildings that cannot be modified to serve the functional needs of the occupants are subject to demolition. Very few buildings on the continent are demolished due to structural degradation.
The Athena Institute surveyed 227 commercial and residential buildings that were demolished in St. Paul, Minnesota, between 2000 and mid-2003. Thirty percent of the buildings were less than 50 years old, and 6% were less than 25 years old. The four top reasons for demolition were "area redevelopment" (35%), "building’s physical condition" (31%), "not suitable for anticipated use" (22%), and "fire damage" (7%). Lack of maintenance was cited as the specific problem for 54 of the 70 buildings where physical condition was given as the reason for de
Others
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2024)
A shop under renovation, Hong Kong. The type of dust generated depends on the material being worked on. For example, in the above photo the dust does not seem to be solely wood dust, concrete dust, metal dust or paint dust.
Adhesive
Asbestos
Asbestos#Substitutes for asbestos in construction
Cement
Concrete
Glass
Lead paint
Metals
Paint
Plasterboard
Solvent
Tools and equipment
See also: Power tool
While the type of material used will determine the composition of the dust generated, the size and amount of particulates produced are mainly determined by the type of tool used. Implementation of effective dust control measures may also play a role.
Duration: 31 seconds.
0:31
Subtitles available.
CC
Video: An angle grinder is used for cutting through a steel chain. The chain is kept under tension by a second person to avoid a blockade of the grinder. Large amounts of potentially harmful particulates (metal dust) are being generated.)
Use of angle grinder is not preferred as large amounts of harmful sparks and fumes (and particulates) are generated when compared with using reciprocating saw or band saw. Angle grinders produce sparks when cutting ferrous metals. They also produce shards cutting other materials. The blades themselves may also break. This is a great hazard to the face and eyes especially, as well as other parts of the body.
Adverse effects of power tool
Use of power tools can cause adverse effects on people living nearby. Power tools can produce large amounts of particulates including ultrafine particles.
Particulates are the most harmful form (other than ultra-fines) of air pollution There is no safe level of particulates.
Many tasks create dust. High dust levels are caused by one of more the following:
Duration: 13 seconds.
0:13
A high dust level example.
equipment – using high energy tools, such as cut-off saws, grinders, wall chasers and grit blasters produce a lot of dust in a very short time
work method – dry sweeping can make a lot of dust when compared to vacuuming or wet brushing
work area – the more enclosed a space, the more the dust will build up
time – the longer you work the more dust there will be
Examples of high dust level tasks include:
using power tools to cut, grind, drill or prepare a surface
sanding taped plaster board joints
dry sweeping
Some power tools are equipped with dust collection system (e.g. HEPA vacuum cleaner) or integrated water delivery system which extract the dust after emission.
Effects
Air quality
See also: Power tools, Particulates, Construction dust, Construction waste, and Shopping centres
Further information: Heating, ventilation, and a
Indoor
Dust
Fumes
Solvents / thinners / dours
Outdoor
Pollutants escaped from air outlet
From (not properly covered) construction waste
Health
Main article: Particulates § Health effects
Further information: Metalworking § Health effects, Health impacts of sawdust, Power tools § Health impact, Asbestos § Health impact, Concrete, Solvent, Paint § Failure, Welding, Occupational dust exposure, Brain health and pollution, and Indoor air quality
See also: Silicosis and Lead poisoning
This section
Shops under renovation
In the US, “About 75% of homes built before 1978 contain some lead-based paint. The older the home the more likely it is to contain lead-based paint. You should assume that any home built before 1978 contains some lead.”
In April 2010 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) required that all renovators working in homes built before 1978 and disturbing more than 6 square feet (0.56 m2) of lead paint inside the home or 20 square feet (1.9 m2) outside the home be certified. EPA's Lead Renovation, Repair and Painting Rule (RRP Rule) lowers the risk of lead contamination from home renovation activities.
It requires that firms performing renovation, repair, and painting projects that disturb lead-based paint in homes, child care facilities and pre-schools (any child occupied facility) built before 1978 be certified by EPA and use certified renovators who are trained by EPA-approved training providers to follow lead-safe work practices.
Careful stabilization of any deteriorated (peeling, chipping, cracking, etc.) paint in a lead-safe manner is also encouraged. Through authority vested in the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), lead-based-paint removal by dry scraping, dry sanding, torching and burning, the use of heat guns over 1100°F, and machine-sanding / grinding without a HEPA-filtered vacuum or a HEPA filtered dust collection system, is prohibited, as these methods have been proven to produce significant amount of lead dust during renovation, remodeling and painting.
At the end of any remodeling or repainting job, a dust test performed by an independent third-party professional is also required by HUD for "clearance". Lead evaluations are done using a method called X-Ray fluorescence (XRF), which gives a result in 4–8 seconds with a 95% accuracy at the 2-sigma level.
As of 2018, there are an estimated 37 million homes and apartments with lead paint in the United States.
Sustainability
Currently, worldwide 38% of emissions and 35% of energy use come from the building sector, including building construction and operation. This means renovations contribute to emissions and energy use of the building sector. These percentages are the largest portion of the total emissions and energy use globally. This makes buildings have the highest potential for decreasing these percentages as well as the largest need to decrease them. Renovations are also one way to do this.
Renovations decrease emissions as instead of demolishing a building just to build a new one the building is reused. Reuse of buildings is not always desirable as it is often pursued to have a building designed for the many individual and unique needs building owners have but it is not always a necessity. Renovations can take a building and make it completely different from the old building just reusing the structure, which is often the largest contributor of embodied carbon to a building. However, in order to be able to do this buildings need to be design durably and re-use. Designing for durability and reuse is designing for new buildings to be "long lasting, use-adaptable, and culturally valuable" to allow for the building to be kept for longer to minimize emissions from a complete rebuild.
Having these ideas in mind while designing new buildings significantly increases the likelihood for renovations to happen. Buildings are more likely to be torn down because they can not accommodate the new desired use then because the structure is failing. Renovations allow old buildings to fit new needs in a way that outputs less emissions than a complete tear down and construction of a new building which is often a feasible option.
Economic
This
Renovated church, now condominiums, Watertown, Massachusetts
Renovation has several effects on economies, including:
creating jobs
increasing spending
increasing property values
generating tax revenue during both the construction and residential phases